How To Handle Sheep During Lambing

Navigating the lambing season, a critical period in sheep farming, demands a blend of knowledge, preparedness, and swift action. This comprehensive guide, “How to Handle Sheep During Lambing,” delves into the intricacies of this process, providing a roadmap for ensuring the health and well-being of both ewes and their newborn lambs. From pre-lambing preparations to post-lambing care, we will explore essential techniques and strategies to make lambing a success.

This guide covers essential equipment, recognizing labor signs, assisting with births, and caring for newborns. We will also address common complications, multiple births, and the post-lambing needs of the ewe. Tables and visual aids will provide structured information, while actionable steps will help you manage any situation during this challenging time.

Preparing for Lambing Season

Preparing for lambing season is crucial for ensuring the health and survival of both ewes and lambs. Careful planning and preparation significantly reduce stress, minimize losses, and contribute to a successful lambing experience. This involves gathering necessary equipment, establishing a well-organized lambing area, and implementing a proactive management schedule.

Essential Equipment for Lambing

Having the right equipment readily available is paramount for handling lambing emergencies and providing proper care. This section Artikels essential items, including specific examples, to ensure preparedness.

• Lambing Kit: A well-stocked lambing kit should be kept clean and readily accessible. It should include:
  • Lubricant: Such as a veterinary obstetrical lubricant (e.g., KY Jelly or a similar product). This is essential for assisting with difficult births.
  • Disposable Gloves: Sterile, preferably long-sleeved, gloves are critical for maintaining hygiene during any interventions.
  • Umbilical Cord Disinfectant: A strong iodine solution (e.g., 7% iodine solution) for dipping the lamb’s umbilical cord to prevent infection.
  • Lambing Ropes/Straps: For assisting in difficult births; a variety of sizes and types can be helpful.
  • Clean Towels: For drying lambs and cleaning the ewe.
  • Scissors or a Scalpel: Sterilized, for cutting the umbilical cord if necessary.
  • Needles and Syringes: For administering medications (e.g., antibiotics, colostrum).
  • Colostrum Supplement: High-quality colostrum replacer or supplement (e.g., Land O’Lakes or similar) for lambs that do not receive adequate colostrum from their mothers.
  • Bottle and Teat: For feeding lambs that cannot nurse.
  • Ear Tags and Applicator: For identifying lambs.
  • Thermometer: For checking the ewe’s and lamb’s temperatures.
• Heat Lamps: Provide supplemental heat for newborn lambs, especially in cold weather. Ensure the lamps are securely mounted and positioned to avoid burns. Consider using heat lamp guards.
• Lambing Pens: Individual pens, also known as “jugs,” are necessary for monitoring ewes and their lambs shortly after birth.
• Scale: For weighing lambs to monitor growth and identify any health issues.
• Medications: Consult with a veterinarian regarding appropriate medications, such as antibiotics, pain relievers, and calcium supplements, and have them readily available.
• Feeding Supplies: Creep feeders for lambs and supplemental feed for ewes, especially those with multiple lambs.
• Fencing and Handling Equipment: Strong and secure fencing to contain ewes and lambs, and handling equipment such as a sheep handler or chute.

Pre-Lambing Checklist

A systematic approach to pre-lambing preparations helps streamline the process and minimizes the risk of complications. This checklist is organized by weeks leading up to the expected lambing date, providing a timeline for essential tasks.

• 8-6 Weeks Before Lambing:
  • Vaccinations and Deworming: Administer appropriate vaccinations and deworming treatments as recommended by a veterinarian. Consult with a veterinarian to develop a suitable plan based on local disease prevalence and your flock’s specific needs.
  • Body Condition Scoring: Assess the ewes’ body condition and adjust their feeding accordingly. Ewes should be in good condition (BCS 3-3.5) before lambing. Thin ewes may have difficulty lambing and producing adequate milk, while overweight ewes may have metabolic problems.
  • Shearing (Optional): Shear ewes to improve hygiene and facilitate lambing.
• 4 Weeks Before Lambing:
  • Prepare Lambing Area: Clean and disinfect the lambing area and pens. Ensure adequate ventilation and bedding.
  • Supplementation: Increase the ewes’ feed intake to support the demands of late pregnancy. Consider supplementing with a high-quality feed formulated for pregnant ewes.
• 2 Weeks Before Lambing:
  • Move Ewes to Lambing Area: Move the ewes to the prepared lambing area to allow them to acclimate.
  • Monitor for Signs of Lambing: Observe ewes for signs of impending labor, such as udder development, relaxation of the pelvic ligaments, and nesting behavior.
• 1 Week Before Lambing:
  • Prepare Lambing Kit: Ensure the lambing kit is fully stocked and readily accessible.
  • Review Emergency Procedures: Review emergency procedures with anyone assisting with lambing.

Optimizing the Lambing Area

A well-designed lambing area can significantly reduce stress for ewes and lambs, leading to healthier offspring and fewer complications. Considerations for optimizing the lambing area include:

• Cleanliness and Hygiene: Regularly clean and disinfect the lambing pens and the entire lambing area to minimize the spread of disease. Use a suitable disinfectant effective against common ovine pathogens.
• Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation to prevent the buildup of ammonia and other harmful gases. Avoid drafts, which can chill newborn lambs.
• Bedding: Provide clean, dry bedding (e.g., straw, wood shavings) in the lambing pens to keep ewes and lambs warm and comfortable. Change the bedding frequently.
• Space: Provide adequate space in the lambing pens. The size of the pens should be sufficient for the ewe and her lambs to move around comfortably. A typical pen size is around 4×4 feet or larger.
• Privacy: Provide a quiet and stress-free environment. Minimize disturbances from people and other animals.
• Accessibility: Ensure easy access to water and feed for the ewes. Position water and feed troughs to minimize contamination.

Lambing Pen Comparison

Selecting the right type of lambing pen depends on factors like flock size, available space, and management style. The following table compares different types of lambing pens, highlighting their pros and cons:

Pen Type	Description	Pros	Cons
Individual Jugs	Small, individual pens, typically 4×4 feet or larger, where ewes and lambs are kept separately after lambing.	Allows close monitoring of ewes and lambs. Reduces the risk of lamb stealing or mis-mothering. Facilitates bonding between ewe and lambs.	Requires more space. Can be labor-intensive to manage. May require more initial setup.
Group Pens	Larger pens where several ewes and their lambs are kept together.	Requires less space than individual jugs. Reduces labor for pen management. Can facilitate social interaction among ewes.	Increased risk of lamb stealing or mis-mothering. More difficult to monitor individual ewes and lambs. May require careful observation to ensure adequate feeding and bonding.
Portable Pens	Temporary pens that can be easily moved. Often made from panels or portable fencing.	Flexible and adaptable to different locations. Can be used for rotational grazing. Can be set up quickly.	May not be as secure as permanent pens. May require more frequent monitoring. Can be more susceptible to weather conditions.
Modified Pens	Pens with features that can be adjusted to meet different needs, such as removable dividers or adjustable feeders.	Offers flexibility in pen size and configuration. Can be adapted to manage different flock sizes. Provides options for isolating ewes and lambs.	May require more initial investment. Can be more complex to manage. May need specific design for best results.

Recognizing the Signs of Labor

Understanding the stages of labor and recognizing the signs that a ewe is about to lamb is crucial for ensuring a smooth and successful lambing season. Early intervention can often prevent complications and save both the ewe and her lambs. This section details the stages of labor in sheep, the physical and behavioral changes to watch for, and provides a visual guide to a normal lambing process, along with common complications and warning signs.

Stages of Labor in Sheep

Labor in sheep is generally divided into three distinct stages. Each stage has characteristic signs and requires different levels of monitoring and potential intervention.

1. Stage 1: Preparation

   This initial stage involves the preparation of the ewe’s body for lambing. The uterus begins to contract, and the cervix starts to dilate. These contractions are usually mild and may not be easily noticeable. The ewe may appear restless and separate herself from the flock.

2. Stage 2: Delivery

   This is the active stage of labor, involving the delivery of the lambs. Strong uterine contractions push the lambs through the birth canal. This stage is typically the shortest, especially for ewes that have lambed before. The ewe will strain and push, and the amniotic sac (water bag) may appear. The first lamb should ideally be delivered within an hour of the onset of active pushing.

3. Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta

   After the lambs are born, the ewe will expel the placenta (afterbirth). This usually occurs within a few hours of lambing. Retained placenta can lead to serious infections, so it’s important to monitor the ewe after lambing to ensure the placenta has passed.

Physical and Behavioral Changes in a Ewe Before Lambing

Observing the ewe’s behavior and physical condition is key to predicting when she will lamb. Several changes indicate the onset of labor, providing valuable insights for the shepherd.

• Udder Development: The udder will begin to swell and fill with milk, often referred to as “bagging up.” This process can start several weeks before lambing, but becomes more pronounced closer to delivery. In first-time mothers, this may be less noticeable.
• Vulva Changes: The vulva will become swollen and relaxed. It may also appear red and slightly moist.
• Loss of the Mucus Plug: A clear or slightly cloudy mucus plug will be discharged from the vulva. This is a sign that the cervix is beginning to dilate.
• Restlessness and Isolation: The ewe may become restless, pacing or lying down and getting up frequently. She may also seek a secluded spot away from the flock to give birth.
• Abdominal Contractions: Mild abdominal contractions may be observed, becoming more frequent and intense as labor progresses.
• Changes in Appetite: The ewe may stop eating or show a reduced appetite in the hours leading up to lambing.
• “Hollowing” of the Flank: The area around the tail and the flanks may appear sunken as the lamb moves into position.

Visual Guide to a Normal Lambing Process

A normal lambing process unfolds in a predictable sequence, offering a clear roadmap for what to expect. Understanding this sequence allows for prompt intervention if any deviation arises.

Stage 1: The ewe appears restless and may separate from the flock. Her vulva swells, and the mucus plug is discharged. The udder begins to fill. She may lie down and get up frequently.

Stage 2: The ewe starts to strain and push. The amniotic sac (water bag) appears at the vulva. The lamb’s front feet and nose emerge. The ewe continues to push, and the lamb is delivered, usually headfirst. The ewe may rest briefly, then begin pushing for the second lamb, if there are multiples.

In cases of multiple births, the second lamb usually follows within 30 minutes of the first. A healthy lamb will be delivered with the umbilical cord intact.

Stage 3: After the lambs are born, the ewe will continue to push, expelling the placenta. The ewe will begin licking the lambs to stimulate circulation and bonding. The lambs should be able to stand and nurse within an hour of birth.

Common Complications and Warning Signs During Lambing

Being aware of potential complications and warning signs is critical for the health of the ewe and her lambs. Prompt action can often prevent serious problems.

• Prolonged Labor: If the ewe is pushing for more than an hour without any progress, assistance may be needed.
• Abnormal Presentation: If the lamb is not presenting headfirst or with both front feet, assistance is usually necessary. Common abnormal presentations include breech (back feet first), a leg back, or a head back.
• Failure to Progress: If the ewe stops pushing after the initial water bag appears, there may be a problem.
• Excessive Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during or after lambing is a sign of potential complications and should be investigated immediately.
• Retained Placenta: If the placenta is not expelled within a few hours of lambing, it is retained and requires veterinary attention.
• Weak or Unresponsive Lambs: Lambs that are weak, unable to stand, or not breathing should receive immediate attention.
• Signs of Infection in the Ewe: Fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and foul-smelling discharge are all signs of infection.
• Multiple Lambs, Prolonged Interval: If the ewe is known to be carrying multiple lambs, and the second lamb has not arrived within an hour or so of the first, there may be a problem.

Assisting with the Lambing Process

Assisting with lambing is a crucial aspect of sheep management, particularly when complications arise. Knowing when and how to intervene can significantly impact the survival rates of both ewes and lambs. Careful observation and prompt action are essential. This section provides detailed guidance on assisting ewes during difficult births, identifying and correcting common presentations, and maintaining hygiene through proper equipment cleaning and disinfection.

Proper Techniques for Assisting a Ewe During a Difficult Birth

Assisting a ewe during lambing requires a calm and methodical approach. Rough handling can cause further injury to the ewe or the lamb. The following steps Artikel the proper techniques for assisting a ewe:

1. Assess the Situation: Before intervening, observe the ewe for a reasonable amount of time. Normal labor can last up to an hour or more, but if the ewe has been straining for a prolonged period (over 30 minutes) without progress, assistance is likely needed. Check if the water bag is present.
2. Hygiene is Paramount: Wash your hands and arms thoroughly with warm water and antibacterial soap. Wear disposable gloves. This minimizes the risk of infection to both the ewe and the lamb.
3. Lubrication: Generously lubricate your gloved hand and arm with a sterile obstetrical lubricant. This makes insertion easier and reduces the risk of trauma.
4. Gentle Exploration: Carefully insert your hand into the ewe’s vagina. Determine the lamb’s position. Feel for the lamb’s legs, head, and any other presenting parts.
5. Correcting Malpresentations: If the lamb is not positioned correctly, gently attempt to reposition it. Refer to the section on common lambing presentations for guidance.
6. Extraction: Once the lamb is correctly positioned, gently pull during the ewe’s contractions. Pull in a downward direction if the lamb is coming headfirst, or upwards if the lamb is coming hindquarters first.
7. Assistance for the Lamb: Once the lamb is delivered, clear its mouth and nostrils of any mucus. Stimulate breathing by gently rubbing the lamb.
8. Post-Lambing Care: Ensure the ewe is comfortable and the lamb is nursing. Monitor the ewe for signs of retained placenta or other complications.

Identifying and Correcting Common Lambing Presentations

Malpresentations are a frequent cause of dystocia (difficult birth) in sheep. Identifying and correcting these presentations is crucial for a successful lambing. Understanding the common presentations and the techniques to correct them is essential.

• Normal Presentation: The lamb is positioned headfirst, with both front legs extended.
• Breech Presentation: The lamb is positioned hindquarters first. Gently grasp the hind legs and pull in a downward direction during contractions.
• Head Back: The lamb’s head is bent back. Gently push the lamb back into the birth canal and carefully bring the head forward. Use your fingers to locate and guide the head.
• Legs Back: One or both front legs are bent back. Repel the lamb back, find the legs, and gently pull them forward.
• Transverse Presentation: The lamb is positioned sideways. This is a difficult presentation, and veterinary assistance is often required.

Step-by-Step Procedures for Cleaning and Disinfecting Equipment Used During Lambing

Maintaining a clean and disinfected environment is critical to prevent the spread of infection during lambing. Thorough cleaning and disinfection of all equipment are essential.

1. Rinse: Immediately after use, rinse all equipment (e.g., obstetrical chains, ropes, lambing aids) with cold water to remove gross debris.
2. Wash: Wash equipment with hot, soapy water. Use a brush to scrub away any remaining dirt or organic matter.
3. Rinse Again: Rinse thoroughly with clean water to remove all traces of soap.
4. Disinfect: Immerse equipment in a suitable disinfectant solution, following the manufacturer’s instructions. Commonly used disinfectants include iodine-based solutions or diluted bleach solutions.
5. Rinse Again (Optional): Rinse the equipment again with clean water after disinfection, especially if using bleach, to remove any residue that could irritate the ewe or lamb.
6. Dry: Allow the equipment to air dry completely before storing it.
7. Storage: Store the equipment in a clean, dry place to prevent recontamination.

Procedures for Dealing with Breech Births

Breech births, where the lamb is presented hindquarters first, are a common malpresentation that requires intervention. The following table Artikels the procedures for managing breech births, including both manual and tool assistance:

Procedure	Description	Manual Assistance	Tool Assistance (If Necessary)
Assessment	Determine if the ewe is straining and if the lamb is progressing. Check for any obstructions.	Palpate to confirm breech presentation.	Not applicable.
Hygiene	Thoroughly wash hands and arms, and wear disposable gloves.	Critical to prevent infection.	Not applicable.
Lubrication	Lubricate your hand and arm, and the ewe’s birth canal, with a sterile obstetrical lubricant.	Ensures smooth insertion and reduces trauma.	Not applicable.
Repulsion	Gently push the lamb back into the uterus to create space.	Important to allow for manipulation.	May be necessary if space is severely limited, but generally avoided to prevent injury.
Leg Retrieval	Locate and grasp the lamb’s hind legs.	Reach inside and locate the hind legs. Gently pull them forward.	If the legs are difficult to reach, use a lambing snare to gently secure and retrieve the legs.
Extraction	Pull the lamb out during the ewe’s contractions.	Pull gently and steadily.	If necessary, use obstetrical chains or ropes around the lamb’s legs to aid in traction. Apply gentle, steady traction during contractions. Avoid excessive force.
Lamb Assistance	Clear the lamb’s mouth and nostrils. Stimulate breathing.	Ensure the lamb is breathing and thriving.	Not applicable.
Post-Lambing Care	Monitor the ewe for complications. Ensure the lamb nurses.	Provide supportive care for both ewe and lamb.	Not applicable.

Caring for Newborn Lambs

The arrival of newborn lambs marks a critical phase in their development, demanding immediate and attentive care to ensure their survival and well-being. Proper management during this period is crucial for preventing health issues and promoting robust growth. This involves providing warmth, ensuring adequate colostrum intake, and monitoring for any signs of illness.

Immediate Care for Newborn Lambs

The initial hours after birth are critical for a lamb’s survival. Lambs are highly susceptible to hypothermia and require immediate intervention to maintain their body temperature. They also need to receive colostrum promptly to acquire essential antibodies for immune protection.Drying the lamb is the first step. Use clean, dry towels to thoroughly dry the lamb, paying particular attention to the head and ears.

Vigorously rubbing the lamb stimulates circulation and helps prevent chilling. If the lamb is cold, additional warming is necessary. This can be achieved by placing the lamb in a warm, dry area, such as a heat lamp-equipped pen, or using a lamb warmer.Colostrum, the first milk produced by the ewe, is vital for the lamb’s health. It is rich in antibodies that provide passive immunity, protecting the lamb from diseases.

The lamb should receive colostrum within the first few hours of life. The amount required varies depending on the lamb’s size and breed, but generally, a lamb should receive approximately 50 ml of colostrum per kilogram of body weight in the first 2-4 hours, and repeated several times in the first 24 hours. Ensure the lamb is able to suckle from the ewe.

If the lamb is unable to suckle, assistance is required, such as bottle-feeding or tube-feeding colostrum.

Signs of a Healthy Lamb and Common Health Problems

Recognizing the signs of a healthy lamb is essential for early detection of potential problems. Monitoring newborn lambs closely allows for prompt intervention, which can significantly improve their chances of survival.A healthy lamb will be alert and active, standing and attempting to suckle within an hour or two of birth. It will have a strong suckling reflex and be able to latch onto the ewe’s teat.

The lamb’s breathing should be regular, and its body temperature should be within the normal range (38.5-39.5°C or 101.3-103.1°F). The lamb should pass meconium (the first feces) within the first 24 hours.Common health problems in newborn lambs include hypothermia, pneumonia, and failure of passive transfer (FPT), which is the failure to receive adequate colostrum. Hypothermia can be identified by a cold body temperature, lethargy, and shivering.

Pneumonia can manifest as difficulty breathing, coughing, and nasal discharge. FPT can increase susceptibility to other illnesses. Scours (diarrhea) is another common problem, often caused by bacterial or viral infections. Prompt veterinary attention is essential for treating these conditions.

Proper Navel Care for Newborn Lambs

Navel care is a crucial preventative measure against infections. The umbilical cord provides a direct pathway for bacteria to enter the lamb’s bloodstream. Proper disinfection helps prevent navel ill, a potentially fatal infection.Here are the essential steps for proper navel care:

• Clean the navel. Immediately after birth, dip the lamb’s navel in a strong antiseptic solution, such as 7% iodine tincture. This should be done as soon as possible, ideally within the first few minutes after birth.
• Ensure thorough coverage. Submerge the entire navel stump in the antiseptic solution, ensuring all surfaces are treated.
• Repeat the process. Repeat the dipping process 24 hours later.
• Monitor for infection. Observe the navel for signs of infection, such as swelling, redness, pus, or a foul odor. If infection is suspected, consult with a veterinarian immediately.

Methods for Providing Colostrum

Providing colostrum is crucial for the lamb’s health, and several methods can be employed, depending on the circumstances. These methods range from allowing the lamb to suckle naturally to using alternative feeding techniques. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages.

Method	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Natural Suckling	Allowing the lamb to suckle directly from the ewe.	Most natural and often the best method. Provides warmth and bonding opportunity.	Requires the ewe to be cooperative and produce sufficient colostrum. Not possible if the ewe rejects the lamb or has mastitis.
Bottle-Feeding	Using a bottle and nipple to feed the lamb colostrum.	Allows for controlled feeding and monitoring of intake. Useful for lambs that cannot suckle from the ewe.	Can be time-consuming, and lambs may not always accept the bottle immediately. Requires proper sanitation of equipment. Risk of aspiration pneumonia if the lamb is fed too quickly.
Tube-Feeding	Using a tube passed down the esophagus to deliver colostrum directly into the stomach.	Effective for lambs that are too weak to suckle or are unwilling to bottle-feed. Ensures rapid colostrum delivery.	Requires practice and skill to avoid injury. Can be stressful for the lamb. Risk of aspiration if performed incorrectly.

Post-Lambing Care for Ewes

The period immediately following lambing is crucial for the ewe’s recovery and the health of her lambs. Proper post-lambing care ensures the ewe can adequately nourish her offspring and remain healthy for future breeding cycles. This section focuses on essential aspects of post-lambing care, including health monitoring, nutritional requirements, bonding, and addressing rejection issues.

Monitoring the Ewe’s Health

Monitoring the ewe’s health after lambing is vital to identify and address any potential complications promptly. This involves observing several key indicators to ensure a smooth recovery and prevent serious health issues.

• Checking for Retained Placenta: The placenta should be expelled within a few hours of lambing. A retained placenta can lead to infection (metritis) and potentially sepsis. Signs include:
  • Foul-smelling discharge.
  • Lethargy and loss of appetite.
  • Fever.

  Veterinary intervention is necessary if the placenta is not expelled within 12 hours. The veterinarian may administer antibiotics and, in some cases, manually remove the placenta.

• Observing for Mastitis: Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, can be caused by bacterial infection. Early detection and treatment are critical. Observe for:
  • Swollen, hard, and hot udder.
  • Changes in milk appearance (clumpy, watery, or bloody).
  • Lameness or reluctance to allow lambs to nurse.

  Treatment typically involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and frequent milking of the affected udder.

• Assessing Overall Condition: Regularly assess the ewe’s general health, including:
  • Appetite and water intake.
  • Activity level.
  • Body condition score (BCS). Ideally, a ewe should maintain a BCS of 2.5 to 3.5 post-lambing.

  Any significant changes in these areas should prompt a veterinary consultation.

Nutritional Needs of a Lactating Ewe

The nutritional requirements of a lactating ewe are significantly higher than during pregnancy or the dry period. Meeting these needs is essential for milk production, lamb growth, and the ewe’s overall health. The ewe’s diet must provide adequate energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins.

• Energy: Lactation demands a high energy intake. This can be achieved by providing high-quality forage, such as hay or pasture, and supplementing with concentrates (grains) if needed. The amount of concentrate required depends on the number of lambs and the ewe’s milk production.
• Protein: Protein is crucial for milk production. Supplementing with a protein source, such as soybean meal or alfalfa hay, may be necessary.
• Minerals and Vitamins: Ensure the ewe receives adequate minerals and vitamins, particularly calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin E. Mineral blocks or supplements specifically formulated for lactating ewes can be beneficial.
• Water: Provide constant access to fresh, clean water. Lactating ewes have increased water requirements.

A well-balanced diet for a lactating ewe might include high-quality hay, a concentrate feed (e.g., a mix of oats, barley, and a protein source), and a mineral supplement.

Bonding the Ewe and Her Lambs

Successful bonding between the ewe and her lambs is crucial for lamb survival and growth. This process typically occurs naturally, but sometimes requires assistance.

• The Bonding Process: The ewe identifies her lambs through smell and sound. Allow the ewe and lambs to interact undisturbed in a clean, dry environment immediately after birth.
• Assisting Bonding: In cases of multiple births or rejection, assistance may be needed.
  • Smell Transfer: Rub the ewe’s placenta on the lambs to transfer her scent.
  • Confinement: Confine the ewe and lambs in a small pen for a few days to encourage bonding.
  • Restraint: In extreme cases, gently restrain the ewe while the lambs nurse.
• Monitoring Nursing: Ensure the lambs are nursing properly and gaining weight. Observe for signs of rejection, such as the ewe butting the lambs away or not allowing them to nurse.

Dealing with Ewe Rejection of Lambs

Ewe rejection can occur for various reasons, including difficult births, first-time mothers, or insufficient maternal instinct. Several approaches can be used to encourage acceptance.

Approach	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Confinement and Smell Transfer	Confine the ewe and lambs in a small pen. Rub the ewe’s placenta on the lambs.	Often effective for mild rejection; promotes scent recognition.	May not work for severe rejection; requires close monitoring.
Restraint and Assisted Nursing	Gently restrain the ewe while the lambs nurse, gradually reducing restraint.	Can establish nursing patterns; effective for stubborn ewes.	Time-consuming; may cause stress for the ewe and lambs.
Fostering	If possible, foster the lambs to another ewe with a single lamb or a ewe that has lost a lamb.	Provides the lambs with milk and care; best for orphaned lambs.	Requires finding a suitable foster ewe; may involve scent transfer techniques.
Bottle-Feeding or Artificial Rearing	If all other methods fail, rear the lambs on a bottle or artificial milk replacer.	Ensures lamb survival; avoids maternal rejection.	Labor-intensive; lambs may not thrive as well as on natural milk.

Common Lambing Complications

Lambing, while a natural process, can sometimes be complicated. Understanding and preparing for potential issues is crucial for ensuring the health of both ewes and lambs. This section will cover common complications, their causes, treatments, preventative measures, and necessary equipment. Early detection and prompt intervention are vital for successful outcomes.

Prolapses

Prolapses involve the protrusion of tissues from the body. These can occur before, during, or after lambing. They require immediate attention.There are three main types of prolapses:* Vaginal Prolapse: This involves the protrusion of the vagina, often occurring in late pregnancy due to increased abdominal pressure. It can range from a small swelling to a large mass protruding from the vulva.

Uterine Prolapse

This is a more serious condition where the uterus turns inside out and protrudes after lambing. It is often caused by difficult births, excessive straining, or hypocalcemia (low calcium).

Rectal Prolapse

This involves the protrusion of the rectum, often caused by straining due to constipation, diarrhea, or coughing.Treatment for prolapses depends on the type and severity. For vaginal prolapses, the ewe should be kept clean and comfortable, and the prolapse may need to be replaced manually. Uterine prolapses require immediate veterinary attention and are often life-threatening. Rectal prolapses may require manual replacement and supportive care.Preventative measures include:* Providing adequate nutrition, especially during late pregnancy.

• Avoiding over-conditioning of ewes.
• Managing parasite loads to prevent coughing and straining.
• Promptly addressing any signs of constipation or diarrhea.

Dystocia (Difficult Birth)

Dystocia, or difficult birth, is a common lambing complication. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including fetal malposition, oversized lambs, multiple births, or a narrow pelvic canal.Causes of Dystocia:* Fetal Malposition: This is when the lamb is not positioned correctly for birth. Common malpositions include:

Head back.

Legs back.

Breech presentation (lamb coming tail first).

Transverse presentation (lamb lying sideways).

Fetal Oversize

Lambs that are too large for the ewe’s pelvic canal. This can be due to genetics, nutrition, or single lamb pregnancies.

Multiple Births

Ewes carrying multiple lambs are at a higher risk of dystocia.

Uterine Inertia

The uterus fails to contract effectively to push the lamb out. This can be caused by fatigue, hypocalcemia, or other metabolic issues.

Pelvic Narrowing

This is a less common cause, but can occur in ewes with previous injuries or genetic predispositions.

Treatment for dystocia involves:* Assessment: Determine the cause of the dystocia by examining the ewe and assessing the lamb’s position.

Lubrication

Apply copious amounts of sterile lubricant to the ewe’s vulva and the lamb.

Manual Manipulation

Gently reposition the lamb to facilitate delivery. This may involve pulling the lamb, pushing the lamb back in, or correcting the lamb’s position.

Assisted Delivery

If manual manipulation is unsuccessful, a lambing chain or obstetrical snare may be used to assist with delivery.

Veterinary Intervention

If manual assistance is not successful, a veterinarian may be required to perform a C-section.Prevention of Dystocia:* Proper Nutrition: Ensure ewes receive adequate nutrition throughout pregnancy, particularly during the last six weeks.

Selective Breeding

Choose rams and ewes with good lambing traits, such as ease of lambing and moderate lamb size.

Monitoring

Closely monitor ewes during lambing and intervene promptly if complications arise.

Body Condition Score

Maintain an appropriate body condition score (BCS) in ewes, avoiding both over-conditioning and under-conditioning. A BCS of 3-3.5 (on a scale of 1-5) is generally ideal at lambing.

Equipment for Addressing Lambing Complications

Having the right equipment on hand is essential for managing lambing complications effectively. The following list Artikels essential items and their uses:* Obstetrical Lubricant: Used to lubricate the ewe’s vulva and the lamb, facilitating easier passage.

Disposable Gloves

To maintain hygiene and prevent infection during examination and assistance.

Lambing Chains and Handles

Used to apply traction to the lamb during delivery.

Obstetrical Snare

Used to assist with the delivery of lambs in difficult presentations.

Disinfectant Solution

For cleaning equipment and the ewe’s vulva to prevent infection.

Scissors or Scalpel

Used to cut the umbilical cord if necessary.

Towels

For drying newborn lambs and cleaning the ewe.

Sterile Needles and Syringes

For administering medications, such as calcium or antibiotics, if needed.

Colostrum Supplement

To provide newborn lambs with essential antibodies if the ewe’s colostrum is insufficient.

Heat Lamp or Warming Box

To keep newborn lambs warm, especially in cold weather.

Calf Jack or similar lifting device

This can be used to elevate the ewe’s hindquarters during assistance, potentially making it easier to manipulate the lamb.

Bucket and soap

To clean equipment and hands.

Retained Placenta

A retained placenta occurs when the placenta is not expelled within a reasonable timeframe after lambing. This can lead to infection (metritis) and other serious health problems. The normal time for placental expulsion is typically within 3-6 hours after lambing.Steps for treating a retained placenta:* Assessment: Monitor the ewe for signs of illness, such as fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, or foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

Veterinary Consultation

Contact a veterinarian immediately. Retained placentas can lead to serious infections.

Antibiotics

The veterinarian will likely prescribe antibiotics to combat infection.

Uterine Flush

The veterinarian may perform a uterine flush to remove any remaining placental tissue.

Supportive Care

Provide the ewe with supportive care, including fresh water, nutritious feed, and a clean environment.

Do not attempt to manually remove the placenta

This can cause uterine damage and increase the risk of infection.

Managing Multiple Births

Ewes giving birth to multiple lambs present unique challenges and require attentive management to ensure the survival and well-being of both the ewe and her offspring. Successfully managing multiple births involves recognizing the increased demands on the ewe, providing adequate support, and addressing potential complications. This section explores strategies for effectively managing these situations.

Challenges of Managing Ewes with Multiple Lambs

Ewes carrying multiple lambs experience significantly increased nutritional demands, particularly in the final weeks of gestation and during lactation. They are also at a higher risk of complications during and after lambing.

• Increased Nutritional Requirements: Ewes carrying multiple lambs require a higher plane of nutrition to support the growth of multiple fetuses. Insufficient nutrition can lead to poor lamb growth, weak lambs, and increased risk of metabolic disorders in the ewe, such as pregnancy toxemia.
• Prolonged and More Difficult Lambing: Multiple lambs often result in longer and more challenging lambing processes. The ewe may experience exhaustion, increasing the risk of dystocia (difficult birth) and stillbirths.
• Higher Risk of Mastitis and Other Infections: The stress of multiple births and the increased demands of lactation can weaken the ewe’s immune system, making her more susceptible to mastitis and other infections.
• Potential for Insufficient Milk Production: While ewes with multiple lambs typically produce more milk than those with singletons, some may still struggle to meet the demands of multiple lambs, leading to inadequate lamb growth.

Addressing Insufficient Milk Production

In cases where a ewe is not producing enough milk for her lambs, several strategies can be employed to supplement their nutrition. Early identification of insufficient milk production is crucial.

• Signs of Insufficient Milk: Observe the lambs for signs of hunger, such as persistent bleating, restlessness, and attempting to suckle frequently. Lambs may also be thin and weak, with a failure to thrive.
• Supplementing Lambs: If milk production is insufficient, supplemental feeding is necessary. This can be achieved using several methods:
  • Bottle Feeding: This involves providing lambs with a commercially available lamb milk replacer via a bottle and nipple.
  • Tube Feeding: This is a more intensive method, often used for weak or orphaned lambs, where milk replacer is delivered directly into the stomach using a feeding tube.
  • Fostering: If possible, lambs can be fostered onto a ewe with adequate milk production.
• Boosting Milk Production: In some cases, measures can be taken to encourage milk production in the ewe:
  • Proper Nutrition: Ensure the ewe is receiving a balanced diet with adequate protein and energy, especially during lactation.
  • Water Availability: Provide access to fresh, clean water at all times.
  • Stress Reduction: Minimize stress factors in the ewe’s environment.

Fostering a Lamb: A Visual Guide

Fostering involves introducing a lamb to a ewe that is not its biological mother. This can be necessary if a ewe dies during lambing, rejects her lamb, or has too many lambs to adequately feed. The process requires patience and careful observation.

Step 1: Preparation

This stage involves ensuring both the ewe and the lamb are ready for the fostering process. This includes selecting an appropriate ewe, ideally one that has recently lambed and has a strong maternal instinct or one who has lost her lamb. The fostered lamb should be healthy and of a similar size to the ewe’s existing lambs, if any.

Step 2: Scent Transfer

This step involves manipulating the scent of both the ewe and the lamb to facilitate acceptance. One common method is to rub the lamb with the ewe’s afterbirth or amniotic fluid. This helps mask the lamb’s scent with the ewe’s scent. Another method is to confine the ewe and lamb in a small pen together, allowing them to become accustomed to each other’s presence.

Step 3: Introduction and Observation

This is the crucial phase where the lamb is introduced to the ewe. The ewe should be closely observed for signs of acceptance or rejection. Signs of acceptance include the ewe allowing the lamb to suckle, grooming the lamb, and protecting it from other sheep. Signs of rejection include the ewe butting or chasing the lamb away, or refusing to allow it to nurse.

If rejection occurs, repeat the scent transfer and try again. Patience is key, as it may take several attempts.

Step 4: Monitoring and Gradual Integration

Once the ewe accepts the lamb, continue to monitor the pair closely. Ensure the lamb is nursing and gaining weight. Over time, gradually integrate the ewe and lamb with the rest of the flock.

Fostering Methods: Benefits and Drawbacks

The choice of fostering method depends on the specific circumstances and the resources available. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Method	Benefits	Drawbacks
Skin Grafting (e.g., using a lamb jacket)	High success rate; Mimics the natural bonding process; Relatively easy to implement.	Requires specialized equipment (e.g., lamb jacket); May not be suitable for all breeds or temperaments; Requires careful monitoring to ensure proper bonding.
Scent Transfer (e.g., rubbing the lamb with the ewe’s afterbirth)	Relatively simple and inexpensive; Can be effective in some cases; Minimizes the need for specialized equipment.	Success rate can be variable; Requires careful observation and may require multiple attempts; Not always effective for ewes with strong maternal instincts.
Confinement (e.g., penning the ewe and lamb together)	Can be effective in promoting bonding through close proximity; Simple and requires minimal equipment.	Requires close supervision; May not be effective for all ewes; Risk of the ewe rejecting the lamb if not managed properly.

Closing Notes

In summary, mastering the art of handling sheep during lambing is about more than just practical skills; it is about compassion, dedication, and a deep understanding of the sheep. By implementing the strategies Artikeld in this guide, you can significantly improve the chances of a successful lambing season, ensuring the health of your flock and a rewarding experience for all.

Remember, preparation, vigilance, and prompt action are key to navigating this critical period in sheep farming.